Mosaic of Dionysus riding a lion, from the House of the Faun |
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ENTRADA, | Curriculum |
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Actualización: 10 julio 2005 , |
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Tempus fugit
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Noticias mías |
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Publicaciones UNED http://apliweb.uned.es/publicaciones/busq-articulo/index.asp. |
Mis último libros libreria@sanzytorres.com |
Villa Romana "La Olmeda" Pedrosa de la Vega
Tfno.: 610 260 832 |
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En torno a un patio rectangular, con cuatro galerías de mosaico, se distribuyen todas las habitaciones y dependencias de la villa. Cuatro torres en los extremos, dos cuadradas en la fachada norte y dos octogonales en la fachada sur. Entre estas últimas, una gran galería o pórtico de columnas. Caídos en el interior del patio se encontraron unos arcos de ladrillo que constituían los elementos arquitectónicos de paso de la galería sur al patio central. Completan este esquema de la villa las termas, situadas al NE del gran edificio. Lo más atractivo de esta villa son la serie de mosaicos que cubren la mayor parte de las habitaciones; elementos geométricos, vegetales y figurativos se combinan y repiten con gran profusión. Destaca entre ellos el bello mosaico de la gran sala de recepciones con tres temas distintos.
En torno a esta escena central una serie de medallones con retratos familiares, con la representación de las estaciones en los ángulos. Una espléndida escena de cacería, con una variada representación de animales en distintas posturas entremezclados con cazadores y motivos vegetales. Rodeando todo una amplia cenefa con escudos hexagonales entrelazados, formando grandes cuadros florales de una gran belleza y riqueza de color. Son muy interesantes los mosaicos de los corredores que ya se pueden admirar en su totalidad. La distribución simétrica de algunas habitaciones y las estructuras arquitectónicas de la casa, que van poniendo de manifiesto las excavaciones, forma todo un conjunto que permiten estudiar el contexto arqueológico de la villa. Muy próxima al edificio principal se descubrió la necrópolis, con provisión de ajuares funerarios, ricos y variados, cuya exposición puede admirarse en el Museo Monográfico instalado en la iglesia de San Pedro en Saldaña. Es el perfecto complemento y obligada visita para tener una visión general del conjunto. |
perso.wanadoo.es/.../ index_villas_palencia.htm
La institución provincial también aprobó ya el calendario financiero,
por el que se dedican cuatro millones de euros de sus remanentes para
sufragar la parte de las obras correspondiente a este ejercicio de 2005,
mientras los 2,3 millones restantes se pagarán con cargo al Presupuesto de
2006.
El impulso definitivo a esta iniciativa supone afrontar el compromiso
reiteradamente manifestado por el presidente de la Diputación de Palencia,
Enrique Martín, de acometer en este mandato un ambicioso proyecto para
mejorar la conservación y la proyección turística de la Villa Romana de La
Olmeda.
Para ese fin, el presidente de la Diputación de Palencia ha solicitado en
los últimos meses la colaboración económica del Ministerio de Cultura, a
través del programa del 1 por ciento cultural, y de la Junta de Castilla y
León. Asimismo, también ha presentado el proyecto y ha solicitado ayuda a
las dos principales entidades de ahorro de la región (Caja Duero y Caja
España) y a la Fundación del Patrimonio Histórico de Castilla y León.
Por parte de la administración autonómica existe un compromiso verbal de
financiar una parte de las obras a través de la Consejería de Cultura y
Turismo (que aportaría al menos dos millones de euros) y de la Consejería de
Medio Ambiente, que financiaría la parte de las obras correspondiente a
urbanización, saneamiento y ajardinamiento del entorno, cuyo coste ronda los
600.000 euros.
Las obras de adecuación de La Olmeda se acometerán conforme a un atractivo
proyecto redactado por los prestigiosos arquitectos Ignacio García Pedrosa y
Ángela García de Paredes, ganadores del concurso de ideas convocado para tal
fin en colaboración con la delegación en Palencia del Colegio de
Arquitectos, y que han desarrollado diversos proyectos de edificios públicos
en varias provincias de España.
La ejecución de estas obras supondrá una ambiciosa transformación en uno de
los yacimientos arqueológicos más importantes del mundo romano hispánico,
que fue descubierto en 1968. Declarada Bien de Interés Cultural en 1996, la
villa ofrece una de las mejores colecciones de mosaicos de la civilización
romana que se conservan en el mundo y es visitada cada año por unas 40.000
personas, lo que la convierte en el segundo monumento de la provincia de
mayor atracción turística, tras la iglesia románica de San Martín de
Frómista.
El único edificio civil del siglo XVI
que se conserva en la ciudad es la Casa del Cordón. Debe su nombre
al cordón franciscano que, a modo de alfiz, decora su portada de
piedra de sillería, enmarcando, además, dos escudos de armas.
Durante mucho tiempo fue posada-fonda. El Museo Arqueológico Provincial de Palencia tiene su sede en la Casa del Cordón, edificio que da nombre a la plaza en que se levanta, y que constituye uno de los escasos ejemplos de arquitectura renacentista en la ciudad. La portada, enmarcada con un cordón franciscano a modo de alfiz, es característica en las edificaciones levantadas a lo largo del siglo XVI.
En su interior, el Museo Provincial
guarda una amplia muestra de la riqueza arqueológica de Palencia,
procedente de múltiples excavaciones que han recuperado piezas desde
la época prehistórica a la medieval, pasando por una buena cantidad
de restos correspondientes al período romano. Fíbulas celtibéricas,
pequeños bronces y mosaicos romanos, o los tesoros numismáticos de
Palenzuela y de Valsadornin, son algunos de los materiales que
pueden verse en este Museo.
Dirección: C/ San Marcos, s/n. Casa del Cordón. 34001. Palencia.
Teléfono: (979) 75 23 28.
Mosaico de la villa de la Olmeda (Palencia) |
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La villa romana de la Olmeda, hipocaustum
Villas romanas de La Olmeda y Quintanilla de la Cueza, - Palencia.
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Mosaico de las Svásticas. Villa romana de La Cueza, Palencia
Aquiles en el gineceo de Licomedes
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©
www.vegavaldavia.com |
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Villa romana de La Olmeda (Palencia) Personaje femenino |
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La técnica del mosaico es un perfeccionamiento del pavimentado primitivo que se hacía con guijarros y se denominaba con el término griego de lithostrotos (liqóstrwtoV, "preparado con piedras") .
Litóstrato
Actualmente se conoce como litóstrato a la técnica que consiste en cubrir superficies (generalmente suelos) a base de guijarros sin tallar utilizando sus distintos colores naturales.
Mosaico
Por su parte el mosaico, independientemente de las diversas técnicas que se han utilizado en su confección, está realizado a partir de pequeñas piezas talladas en forma más o menos semejante a un prisma; estas piezas, denominadas en latín tesellas y en castellano teselas, se elaboran frecuentemente a partir de piedras como el mármol, pero se han usado también piedras semipreciosas, pasta vítrea o, en ocasiones, forradas de finas láminas de oro o plata. Inicialmente el mosaico se utilizó como pavimiento pero, desde la aparición del cristianismo y sobre todo en tiempos del Imperio Bizantino y en el Islam, se utilizó como cubrimiento de paredes y techos.
http://www.cnice.mecd.es/eos/MaterialesEducativos/bachillerato/arte/arte/artesdec/mosaico.htm
El mosaico: principios del desarrollo histórico. La técnica del mosaico. TÉCNICA DEL MOSAICO.-
El término "mosaico" se aplica generalmente a la técnica de decoración de superficies arquitectónicas con pequeños trozos de piedra, vidrio, o cerámica, asentados en una capa de yeso o mortero.
Corte transversal de un pavimento de mosaico clásico.
1. Suelo
2. Statumen o lecho de grava
3. Rudus o capa de mortero grueso
4. Nucleus, capa de mortero en que se incrustan los tesilos
5. Caja sobresaliente que contiene el emblema
6. Superficie del emblema
7. Superficie del mosaico.
El mosaico romano. Técnica del mosaico mural bizantino. Instrucciones para realizar un sencillo
mosaico de tipo bizantino.
*Otros mosaicos romanos fuera de España :www.ntimages.com/ Kurion-tns.htm
Triunfo de Baco. Museo de Sousse, Tunez : www.ruta-imperios.com/ espana/Cronicas/cro2.htm
O Poeta Trágico e o Ator Cômico -
Mosaico Romano (África), século III d.C.
Museu Sousse
Image from
Mosaiken in
der römischen Provinz Africa
www.cm-mora.pt/ FC_mosaicos.html
www.malhatlantica.pt/ sintra/epocas/epoca2a.htm
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www.aguilafuenteweb.com/. ../villa_romana.htm. Aguilafuente (Segovia) |
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Los mosaicos romanos aparecidos en las excavaciones, entre 1968 y 1972, se encuentran depositados en el Museo Municipal-Aula Arqueológica. Destaca especialmente el que se encontraba en el centro de una gran sala cuadrangular: el oecus, ya que aparecen en él cuatro caballos atados por parejas, dos de los cuales aún conservan sus nombres, como Tagvs (Tajo) y Evfrata (Eúfrates). |
www.piazza-armerina.it/ info/servizi.htm :Piazza Armerina; Villa romana del Casale. Sicilia
www.livius.org/sh-si/ sicily/sicily.html :Pagina excelente sobre Sicilia, con todas las fuentes históricas ( en inglés)
www.astro.umd.edu/.../ Photos/Sicily/sicily.html :Cantidad de mosaicos
home.t-online.de/home/ alfred.richter/sizilien.htm :Para darse una vuelta por Sicilia
Villa
Villa del Casale, Piazza Armerina, Sicilia |
Mujeres en bikini.Mosaico de Las pugilistas, Villa del Casale, Piazza Armerina
www.univ-tours.fr/ash/ polycop/Histoire/hugoni...
home.t-online.de/home/ alfred.richter/sizilien.htm
Karte
Credito Cooperativo: Karte der Provinz Enna
La corona de la victoria. Vía del Casale, Piazza Armerina
Links
Nuova Sicilia: Villa Casale (Bilder der Mosaiken)
Wetter Online: Palermo
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Fig.1: Piazza Armerina. Esseri marini adorni di corallo in un
mosaico del IV-V sec. d.C.
www.stoa.org/diotima/ nereids/031.html
www.siciliavacanzeincasa.it/ Le%20escursioni.htm
hkmd.hp.infoseek.co.jp/.../ htm/city/piazza.htm
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...
..
www.archeogate.it/subacquea/ articoli.archivio...
ancient Carthage : ancient Greece : ancient Rome
Arqueología romana /Arte romano : classics.furman.edu/ ~rprior/courses/RA/RAU4.html
Mosaico con nudos magicos. Lorca.España
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![]() ![]() En el término municipal de Vila-seca,
en la partida de la Pineda, formando parte de los restos
de una villa romana, fue descubierto en el año 1955 este
mosaico con representación de peces.Tiene 6'25 m de
longitud por 4'50 de anchura. El campo del mosaico,
rectangular, de 3'68 x 2'68 m, está decorado con 47
representaciones de la fauna marina, generalmente peces,
pero también crustáceos, cefalópodos y mamíferos. Este
motivo central está enmarcado por líneas de teselas de
colores; decorando el resto del mosaico existe una orla
de peltas, dispuestas en forma de cinta ondulada con
decoración floral en el interior. Es una obra de
principios del s. III d.C. i pertenece al tipo de
composición unitaria propia del mosaico africano, en el
que la escena ocupa todo el campo musivo, frente a la
tendencia de tradición helenística de realizar pequeñas
composiciones independientes (emblemata),
rodeadas de una decoración geométrica.
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Tarragona
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Mosaico Romano Casa del Planetario, Itálica - Santiponce (Sevilla) |
Mosaico de la Casa del Anfiteatro, en Mérida.
Mosicoa romano, Tresjuncos, Cuenca, España
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Mosaico romano del siglo III d.c.
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Orfeo
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Museo de Málaga, España
Villa de Hipolito, Alcalá deHenares, Madrid
cvc.cervantes.es/.../ indice/historia.htm
Fig.1.Mosaico romano de Sousse (Túnez) con la cara de Medusa.
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Curacion de Eneas![]() Pintura romana |
Cabeza de Hygiea, diosa protectora de la salud, atribuida
a Scopas. Museo Nacional de Atenas.
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: www.cc.gatech.edu/.../ slides/mosaic06_1024.html
Mosaics at Piazza Armerina (Sicily)
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Mosaics Piazza Armerina
Sicily (2003)
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Mosaic method of trapping a tiger for arena; Worcester Art Museum
Mosaic
Mosaic
Mosaic
Villa romana del Casale, Piazza Armerina
VISITA A las diferentes estancias www.ac-nancy-metz.fr/.../ piazza/piazza.htm
mosaïque de la Villa del Casale Piazza Armerina www.noctes-gallicanae.org/. ../circ4_auriges.htm
www.giovannirinaldi.it/. ../piazzaarmerina/
http://sights.seindal.dk/sight/475_Room_of_the_Fishing_Cupids.html
Piazza Armerina, Sicily:
Mosaic of dog
floor--simple mosaic
floor--linear mosaic
floor--geometric mosaic
floor--labyrinth mosaic with Minotaur slaying
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Domus Romana di Piazza Armerina III-IV sec. Particolare Raffigurante Ambrosia. |
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Lussemburgo; villa romana, particolare di mosaico pavimentale rappresentante la musa Calliope. | |
La palabra tesela viene del latín tessellae, que a su vez viene del griego τεσσερες, que significa, cuatro.
Los romanos construían los mosaicos con estas pequeñas piezas llamadas teselas, de ahí que se refiriesen a ellos también como opus tessellatum. Las teselas son piezas de forma cúbica, hechas de rocas calcáreas o materiales de vidrio o cerámicas, muy cuidadas y elaboradas y de distintos tamaños. El artista las disponía sobre la superficie, como un puzzle, distribuyendo el color y la forma y aglomerándolas con una masa de cemento.
En el mundo griego fue muy frecuente y desde muy temprano (desde fines del siglo V adC) el pavimento compuesto por guijas de río (piedrecillas chicas que se encuentran en las orillas) de tamaños y de colores distintos. Con estas guijas se hacían dibujos sencillos de temas geométricos. A finales del siglo III adC, las teselas vinieron a sustituir estos guijarros polícromos.
Los romanos llegaron a dominar el trabajo hecho con las teselas. Las primeras obras se hacían con teselas muy pequeñas y ya en época imperial el tamaño se hizo mayor, de 1 cm cuadrado. El mosaista llamado Sosos de Pérgamo hizo en el mosaico que se conoce con el nombre de Las palomas el trabajo de un gran profesional; este mosaico está compuesto con teselas muy pequeñas: sesenta teselas ocupan el espacio de un cm cuadrado.
Las teselas se colocaban sobre un lecho de cemento casi líquido. Era una técnica que puede compararse con el puntillismo de los pintores impresionistas del siglo XIX. Para fabricar un pavimento hecho de mosaico había que seguir una serie de pasos que con el tiempo se fueron perfeccionando. El lugar de fabricación era un taller especial. Allí lo primero que se hacía era diseñar el cuadro y este trabajo tomaba el nombre de emblema (palabra esdrújula), voz tomada del griego que viene a significar "algo que se incrusta en". Después de haber diseñado el cuadro se hacía una división de acuerdo con el colorido. Se sacaba a continuación una plantilla en papiro o en tela de cada una de esas parcelas divididas y sobre dicha plantilla se iban colocando las teselas siguiendo el modelo escogido con anterioridad. Las teselas se colocaban invertidas, es decir la cara buena que luego se vería tenía que estar pegada a la plantilla. Cuando este trabajo estaba terminado, los expertos lo transportaban in situ para que el artista concluyera allí su obra.
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Mosaico pavimentale a clipeo squamato con testa di Medusa. |
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Roma, Villa di Baccano, emblemata raffigurante un auriga con cavallo. |
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Giordania Qasr Hishan a Khirbet al Mafzar raffigurante Gerico; m 1,50 x 1,50 |
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Gatto che afferra un uccello e natura morta marina, dalla casa del fauno a Pompei. Ora al Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, I secolo d.c. |
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Pavimento con i segni dello Zodiaco entro un complesso disegno geometrico. Tunisi, Museo del Bardo, II secolo d.c. |
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Pompei; casa del Fauno, maschera teatrale e festoni. |
www.coopmosaico.it/. ../5ambrosia.htm
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Tunisia Museo del Bardo Particolare Cantharos con motivi Verticali; m 0,60 x 1,00 |
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Giordania Um-Er-Rasàs, chiesa di S.Stefano particolare del mosaico con la città di Gelusalemme VII-VIII sec; m 0,50 x 0,30 |
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Tunisia EL JEM Particolare pavimentale composizione geometrica; m 1,00 x 0,60 |
| Pagina iniziale | La nostra storia | Corsi | Restauri |Riproduzioni romane | |
| Riproduzioni bizantine | Riproduzioni moderne | Design | Arte sacra | |
www.coopmosaico.it/. ../5ambrosia.htm |
Cooperativa Mosaicisti Ravenna |
Via B. Fiandrini - 48100 Ravenna (Italy) |
Tel./Fax. 0544 34799 |
art@coopmosaico.it |
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E mail: art@coopmosaico.it |
http://kidslink.bo.cnr.it/irrsaeer/arte/rav1/mosafric.html
Sobre las técnicas musivarias africanas
Museo del Bardo, Tunez
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![]() Mosaico romano com Netuno e Anfitrite, datado do século I d.C. Casa de Netuno e Anfitrite, Herculaneum, in situ. Foto de Susan Bonvallet, 1994. |
![]() This Roman mosaic pavement is just one of the treasures in the Museo de Navarra |
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Triunfo de
Neptuno y de Anfitrite.
Mosaico
romano procedente de Cirta (Constantina) Final del siglo III d
C. Paris. Museo del Louvre.
Vemos a la pareja divina en el carro tirado por cuatro briosos caballos de mar, cuyas colas aparecen en primer término. El dios Poseidón lleva en una mano el tridente, símbolo que lo identifica. Su aspecto es el de un varón de mediana edad y con barba. La joven nereida elegida, abraza a su esposo y dirige a él su mirada. Encima de ellos dos Cupidos sostienen el manto nupcial sobre sus cabezas que están rodeadas de un nimbo transparente que tamiza el color del manto. La ejecución es perfecta y también su conservación |
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Mosaico
romano encontrado en la ciudad siria de Antioquia y
depositado actualmente en el Museo del Louvre. Siglo III d. C.
Formaba parte de los suelos de una rica mansión. Representa con fidelidad el tema mitológico con los personajes protagonistas: El dios Hermes que distinguimos por las alas en las sandalias y en la cabeza y por la túnica corta propia de viajeros. Paris sentado vuelve la vista al dios, asombrado ante el espectáculo de las tres diosas. Distinguimos a Atenea con el casco, la égida, la lanza y el escudo a su lado. En el centro Afrodita y encima de ella, sobre una pilastra, Eros o Cupido que siempre la acompaña y la tercera diosa es Hera que se distingue por la diadema. Varios animales del rebaño que pastorea Paris aparecen en la escena. |
Fig.26.Medusa en un mosaico romano. Palacio Maximo. Roma. |
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13122 MOSAICO ROMANO DEL
MEDITERRÁNEO £27.50
Various authors, Unión Latina,
France and Spain, 2001, Spanish text, 190pp, 84 colour +3 b & w
illus, very large paperback
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Cabeza de Neptuno
Mosaico Romano del Siglo III
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![]() Dos piedras terminales, con los siguientes textos : " Terminus Augustus dividit prta legionis III et Agrum Segisamon". " A la diosa Tutela de los Segisamonenses, esta Exedra (*) con su base. |
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Ippona, mosaico romano |
Mosaico
con escena teatral.Pompeya
LA VILLA ROMANA DE CUEVAS DE SORIA
TEXTO DE : MARÍA MARINÉ ISIDRO, DIBUJOS MOSAICOS F. MARTINEZ, RECONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA VILLA M.C. FERNANDEZ CASTRO
MAQUETA Y ESTATUILLA : MUSEO NUMANTINO DE SORIA
En lo que hasta el momento era dehesa del pueblo de Cuevas de Soria, se descubrieron, en segunda década de este siglo los restos de lo que resultó ser una villa romana, una lujosa casa de campo en la que habitaba un señor hispano-romano con sus siervos.
DETALLE DE MOSAICO
El hallazgo motivó su primera motivó su primera excavación, llevada a cabo por Blas Taracena en 1928 y 1929, en la cual se puso al descubierto lo que quedaba de la vivienda: los suelos y los arranques de las paredes.
Estos arranques definen una estructura de gran patio central, con peristilo o pasillo rodeado de columnas, y con una simetría definida a partir del eje de una gran habitación con ábside sobresaliente. A sus lados se adosan habitaciones menores y pasillos, también absidados.
PULSAR EN LOS NÚMEROS PARA VISUALIZAR EL MOSAICO CORRESPONDIENTE A LA ESTANCIA
Los suelos están cubiertos con ricos mosaicos policromos, de complicados y variados dibujos geométricos, con un curioso anagrama en algunos medallones centrales, que se puede interpretar como una marca de propiedad, similar a los hierros con los que se marca el ganado en la actualidad. En ninguna de las estancias pavimentadas –cuya superficie total es de unos 1.400 m2- se repite el modelo del mosaico. Taracena distinguió 24, correspondientes a otros tantos habitáculos .
Una vez estudiados y documentados, a través de dibujos y fotos, que actualmente están el Archivo del Servicio Arqueológico de la Diputación y del Museo de Soria, los suelos volvieron a ser tapados para su mejor conservación. Previamente se habían arrancado tres de ellos: uno se expuso en San Juan de Duero y hoy restituido a su lugar de origen, mientras que los otros dos restantes se encuentran en el museo Arqueológico Nacional.
La
Diputación Provincial de Soria compró el yacimiento en 1929. Para su mejor
protección fue dotado incluso con un guardia de la Dirección General de
Bellas Artes.
El 6 de junio de 1931 fue declarado Monumento Histórico-Artístico.
En estos años sólo era visible la distribución de muros, como si fuera un plano a escala real, y aún eso cada vez con menos definición por el paso del tiempo. Mantenía, sin embargo, un gran peso en los estudios sobre el Bajo Imperio en la Península, como ejemplo prototípico.
Desde 1980, la propia Diputación ha emprendido la ingente tarea de restauración de los mosaicos. Lo que supone en última instancia, edificar una estructura de cubrición para protegerlos de la dura intemperie Soriana.
Paralelamente, también desde 1980, se han reemprendido las excavaciones arqueológicas que permitan conocer las zonas no excavadas en 1929. En esta segunda época se han realizado ya cinco campañas. Así se ha actuado en el patio, que carece de suelo, por lo que supone ajardinarlo; en las camas de los mosaicos levantados para su restauración; en la zona sur-oeste, considerada ”doméstica” en contraposición a la “señorial” de los mosaicos; y en la que rodea el baño. Para delimitar totalmente su distribución se ha recurrido a al prospección geofísica.
LA VILLA
PULSAR PARA VISUALIZAR MAQUETA DEL YACIMIENTO
Por los trabajos de Taracena se identificó como una villa en la que a partir de los siglos III-V, habitó alguien que intentaba vivir en una provincia del Imperio Romano con el mismo lujo con le que hubiera podido hacerlo en Roma, y que, seguramente se abandonó de una manera controlada, no violenta –un traslado, no un saqueo-, y de ahí la poca riqueza de materiales que se han encontrado, en claro contraste con la suntuosidad reflejada por la estructura y por los mosaicos. En este sentido, cabe destacar solo la figura femenina que se encuentra en el Museo Numantino de Soria.
El
estudio de los mosaicos realizado recientemente por María Cruz Fernández
Castro, pone en evidencia el origen norteafricano de los esquemas
decorativos. Su fecha, en pleno siglo IV, coincide con la ya indicada por el
primer investigador.
De las últimas excavaciones se desprende que esta construcción y estos pavimentos se superponen a otra anterior de la que no es sólo una reforma, -un cambio de aspecto por variación de la moda o el gusto- sino un cambio profundo, que afectó a la estructura y que aconsejó cegar todo el parapeto del lado sur y dejarlo inutilizado. No se reconoce aún el fin de esta estructura, de buscada simetría, aunque el encaño que la protege de las filtraciones y los materiales ahumados la relacionan con calor. Pudo estar vigente entre los años 150 y 225 de nuestra época.
EL ENTORNO
Su situación está perfectamente estudiada,
constituyendo el mejor punto de toda la zona: cerca del río, en un llano
flanqueado por considerables alturas, gozando de un microclima que suaviza,
aún hoy, la condiciones generales. Es el lugar idóneo desde donde hacer
productivos los alrededores.
Alrededores que, por otra parte tienen documentada abundante población en la época prerromana, por ejemplo, en los cerros septentrionales donde el mismo Blas Taracena excavó el castro de Izana, o donde se sabe que existe el de la Ermita de Cuevas de Soria, aún sin estudiar; también en las partes llanas meridionales se han rastreado restos de posibles producciones alfareras cerca de Quintana Redonda, donde la tradición alfar sigue vigente
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giovedì 26 maggio 2005 |
pcturismo.liberta.it/ asp/default.asp?IDG=40430
www.fotoaleph.com/.../ MosaicosTunicia-port.html
23. Hadrumetum. Mosaico de vestíbulo de casa
con símbolos contra el mal de ojo (Museo de Sousse).
Indices de fotos
Indice de fotos 01 a 12: Cartago. Utica. Thugga.
Indice de fotos 13 a 24: Thugga. Bulla Regia. Hadrumetum.
Indice de fotos 25 a 36: Thysdrus. Sufetula. Museo del Bardo.
24. Hadrumetum. Mosaico con cabeza de Medusa y
decoración radial de escamas (Museo de Sousse).
20. Bulla Regia. Detalle del mosaico del
Triunfo de Venus, en la planta subterránea de las casa de Anfitrite.
Ref.521205339
21. Bulla Regia. Retrato de dama in situ,
en la planta subterránea de la casa de Anfitrite.
Mosaico Cosmogónico, Mérida. Casa del Mitreo
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ROMA Palazzo Massimo alle Terme Museo Nazionale Romano pannello parietale in opus sectile le ninfe rapiscono Hylas (IV secolo d.C.) |
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ROMA Palazzo Massimo alle Terme Museo Nazionale Romano mosaico pavimentale con teste di satiro e Pan Gennazzano (età antonina 138-192 d.C.) |
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ROMA Palazzo Massimo alle Terme Museo Nazionale Romano mosaico pavimentale con pesci dalla villa di Baccano dei Severi (II-III secolo d.C.) |
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PINTURA PARED ROMA Palazzo Massimo alle Terme Museo Nazionale Romano affresco del triclinio della villa di Livia |
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ROMA Palazzo Massimo alle Terme Museo Nazionale Romano mosaico pavimentale con testa di Pan Gennazzano (età antonina 138-192 d.C.) |
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ROMA Palazzo Massimo alle Terme Museo Nazionale Romano pannello parietale in opus sectile le ninfe rapiscono Hylas (IV secolo d.C.) |
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ROMA Palazzo Massimo alle Terme Museo Nazionale Romano losanga con Nike dal mosaico a cassettoni Villa Ruffinella al Tuscolo (fine I secolo a.C.) |
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ROMA Palazzo Massimo alle Terme Museo Nazionale Romano mosaico pavimentale con testa di gorgone centrale da via Imperiale a Roma (II secolo d.C.) |
www.giovannirinaldi.it/.../ massimo/image12.htm
Mérida
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Detalle
del mosaico del auriga victorioso de la Villa del Val (Alcalá de Henares). T (A. M. M.) |
de la villa gallo-romaine de Mérande, milieu du IIème siècle.
2ème siècleà
bouclier ?
Saint
double tranchant et " le la corne ou porte-voix.
tête de bélier
.
perso.wanadoo.fr/.../ arbin/arbinmosaiques.htm
au
Madaba,
Jordania
Cupra MAritima,
Nudo magico,
Aguilafuente, Segovia
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Baco. TUnez
Venus.
Mérida
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Mosaico romano, en Astorga. |
Volubilis,
Marruecos
Almenaras Puras, Medina del Campo,
Valladolid
small |
medium | large |
(
view full-size image -- 1704 x 2272) Mérida
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Perugia, Mosaico romano . Orfeo. s.II d.C.
Mosaico de Dido y Eneas, Low Ham, s.IV d.C.
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Mosaico romano.Itálica, Sevilla
www.queendido.org/ iconografia.htm
Dido y Eneas, mosaico romano
As 9 Musas - Mosaico Romano, século III d.C
- El Jem
Museu Bardo
(Image from
Mosaiken in der
römischen Provinz Africa )
Museo de Aquileia. El verano
Il
Mosaico del Nilo
spazioinwind.libero.it/.../ visitaguidata2.htm
Detalle del interior de un casco de
legionario donde se puede observar que perteneció a dos
legionarios diferentes de la misma legion (I Adiutrix)..
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Juicio de Paris, Antioquia.Paris; Louvre
4. Below: Roman floor mosaic with Theseus and the Minotaur in the center
Mosaico de Chipre, s.I d.C.
4. Below: Roman floor mosaic with Theseus and the Minotaur in the center.
Teseo y el Minotauro
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![]() Anglo-Saxon and Norman connections |
Menandro
“Roman mosaic maze with bastions found from a villa on the Via Candolini near Cremona, Italy”
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www.math.nus.edu.sg/.../ rite.htm
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Earliest forms
Mosaic was used in Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt
for ornament on a small scale. Jewellery and
movable objects, such as the Standard of
Ur (British Museum), are examples.
Roman
Mosaic pavement, which seems to have originated
with the ancient Greeks, reached its highest
development among the Romans. Roman mosaic
varies from the formal pattern to elaborately
pictorial effect. Famous examples are the doves
of Pliny at Hadrian’s villa, Tivoli, represented
with great delicacy of colouring, and the mosaic
copy from Pompeii of the battle between
Alexander and Darius, after the painter
Philoxenos. In Britain, mosaic floors often
survive on the sites of Roman villas.
Byzantine
In the Byzantine period, mosaic in the form of
coloured and gilded glass was impressively used
for mural decoration on a large scale. The
richness of gold leaf, calculated irregularities
of surface, and the juxtaposition of different
colours are combined with a great simplicity of
form. Mosaic remained the dominant form of mural
‘painting’ until the rise of fresco in Italy.
In Rome the early Christian mosaics in the churches of Sta Costanza (4th century) and Sta Maria Maggiore (4th–5th centuries) are the first great examples of religious composition. In Ravenna there are the famous masterpieces of the church of S Vitale (6th century) representing the Emperor Justinian, the Empress Theodora, and their attendants. Other masterpieces at Ravenna are Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo and the tomb of Galla Placidia. In the cathedral of Torcello, near Venice, there are mosaics dating from the 12th century.
Other important examples are the mosaics found in Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) in the cathedral of Sta Sophia (now Hagia Sophia; 6th century), and the church of Kariye Camii (13th century). In Greece there are mosaics in the church of S Demetrios, Salonika (7th century); in the church of Daphni (between Athens and Eleusis; 11th century); and, near Athens, at Hosias Lukas (11th century). In Kiev in Russia there are important mosaics dating from the 11th century.
Byzantine artists worked in many centres, not only in Greece and Italy, but also in Palermo and Monreale in Sicily (which saw a great flowering of mosaic painting in the 12th century), Cologne, Cordova, Jerusalem, and Damascus.
Later mosaics
In modern times the art of mosaic seems to have
been well preserved only in Venice. There both
Byzantine tradition and later developments are
represented in St Mark’s Cathedral, which has a
sequence of work from the 12th to 18th centuries,
with later examples designed by Titian and
Tiepolo.
More recent attempts to revive pictorial mosaic have not been very successful. In England during the 19th century the Arts and Crafts Movement and the Gothic Revival led to some small-scale mosaics in churches, and W B Richmond produced work in St Paul’s Cathedral.
Among 20th-century figurative
mosaics, there are those of the Swedish artist
Einar Forseth for the City Hall, Stockholm, and
of English artist Boris Anrep for Westminster
Cathedral, London, and for the floor of the
entrance hall of the National Gallery, London.
© Research Machines plc 2005. All rights
reserved. Helicon Publishing is a division of
Research Machines plc.
web.uvic.ca/grs/bowman/ myth/gods/dionysos_i.html
www.intuispaces.com/ labyrinthsite/history3.htm
Ref.521205350
Más
información.
Indice de textos 1. Los mosaicos 2. El mosaico como arte 3. Materiales 4. Técnicas 5. Historia del mosaico clásico 6. Los mosaicos romanos de Tunicia - Cartago |
- Utica - Thugga (Dougga) - Bulla Regia - Hadrumetum (Sousse) - Thysdrus (El Jem) - Sufetula (Sbeitla) - Museo del Bardo (Túnez) 7. Bibliografía |
![]() Figure 14 Title: Chained criminal being ripped to shreds Style: Roman, mosaic Date: 72-80 AD Location: Rome, Italy |
![]() Figure 15a Title: Portrait of a Gladiator Style: Roman, mosaic Date: 211-217 AD Location: From the baths of Caracalla, now in Rome, Italy, at Museo Nazionale |
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This page contains an illustration of (a) the Zliten mosaic from North Africa depicting gladiator fighting (below), (b) texts illustrating the Roman games
www.classics.und.ac.za/ Gladiator_games.htmTEXTS ILLUSTRATING THE ROMAN GLADIATORIAL GAMES TEXT 1: Matius defends himself for supervising the Games held to celebrate Caesar's victories during the 20th - 30th of July 44. Well, but I superintended the Games for Caesar's Victory given by his young heir. That was a matter of private service, which has nothing to do with the state of the commonwealth. It was, however, an office which I owed to the memory and distinction of a dear friend even after his death, and one which I could not deny to the request of a most promising young man thoroughly worthy of the name he bears. (Cicero Fam 11,28: Translated by D.R. Shackleton-Bailey, 1978). TEXT 2: The military danger presented by Caesar's gladiators in 49 B.C. Caesar's gladiators at Capua, about whom I earlier sent you a false report based on Torquatus's letter, have been very sensibly distributed by Pompey among the population, two per household. There were 1,000 shields in the establishment and they were said to be going to break out. Certainly a valuable precaution in the public interest. (Cicero Att 7,14: Translated by D.R. Shackleton-Bailey, 1978). Cicero earlier tells us there were fewer than 50 gladiators in the revolt of Spartacus in Capua in 73 B.C. (Att 6.2). TEXT 3: The oath of gladiators No one dared condemn a scheme that would cost nothing. And so to safeguard the imposture in which we were all involved, we swore an oath dictated by Eumolpus, that we would be burned, flogged, beaten, killed with cold steel or whatever else Eumolpus ordered. Like real gladiators we very solemnly handed ourselves over, body and soul, to our master. (Petronius Sat 117: translated by J.P. Sullivan). TEXT 4: The exploits of Balbus, the quaestor of C. Asinius Gallus in Corduba, June 43 B.C., in a letter to Cicero. For other proceedings he could not even quote Caesar's precedent. He put on a play at the show about the journey he made to persuade Proconsul L. Lentulus to change sides, and what is more, burst into tears during the performance at the poignant memory of his adventures. At the the gladiator show a Pompeian soldier called Fadius, who had been forced to join the troop, twice fought to a finish without pay. Being unwilling to bind himself over as a gladiator, he besought the people to protect him. Balbus had his Gaulish horse charge the crowd (some stones had been flung at him when Fadius was being hauled off), and then carried the man off to the Gladiator School, where he had him buried in the ground and burned alive. While this was going on, Balbus walked up and down after lunch barefoot, his tunic loose and his hands behind his back. The poor fellow kept crying out pitifully that he was a Roman citizen born. "Off you go then!" said Balbus. "Appeal to the People!" He even threw Roman citizens to the wild beasts, among them a certain pedlar who went round auction-sales, a very well-known character in Hispalis - because he had a deformity! Such is the monster I have had to deal with! (Cicero Fam 10,32: Translated by D.R. Shackleton-Bailey, 1978). TEXT 5: The example of gladiators instils moral courage. Old women often endure hunger for 2 or 3 days but take food from an athlete for a day and he will beg Jupiter, yes, Olympian Jupiter, and even his trainer, and will shout that it is not possible. Habit is a very powerful thing. Hunters sleep the night in the snow in the mountains; Indians allow themselves to be burnt, boxers bruised by boxing gloves, do not even groan. What about those who think a victory in the Olympics or the consulship itself old-fashioned? What blows do gladiators or desperadoes or barbarians endure! How much do those who are well trained prefer to receive a blow than to avoid it in a cowardly way! How often does it appear that they like nothing more than satisfying their owner or the people? Those fatally wounded often send messages to their owners, to ask what they want, saying that they wish to die, if they have performed satisfactorily. What common gladiator has ever cried out or even changed his expression? What gladiator has taken up his position or even died in a cowardly way? What fallen gladiator, when ordered to receive the steel, ever withdrew his neck? Such is the power of training, meditation, and habit. Will a Samnite, a filthy person, worthy of that life and position, be able to do this, and will a man born for glory have any part of his mind so soft as not to strengthen it with meditation and reason? Gladiatorial games often seem cruel and inhumane to a lot of people, (and perhaps they are, as they are conducted today); and you have perhaps heard many arguments against them, but when guilty people fought with steel you could not witness a stronger argument against pain and death. (cum vero sontes ferro depugnabant, auribus fortasse multae, oculis quidem nulla poterat esse fortior contra dolorem et mortem disciplina). (Cicero Tusc Disp 2.41.) TEXT 6: Inscription to dead gladiator To the Revered Spirits of the Dead. Glauco born at Mutina fought seven times, died in the eighth. He lived 23 years 5 days. Aurelia set this up to her well-deserving husband, together with those who loved him. My advice to you is to find your own star. Don't trust Nemesis; that is how I was deceived. Hail and Farewell. (CIL 5.3466) TEXT 7: Pompeian graffito Celadus the Thracian, thrice victor and thrice crowned, the young girls' heart-throb. Crescens the Netter of young girls by night (CIL 4.4342 + 4353) TEXT 8: A Roman lady's love of a gladiator What was the youthful charm that so fired Eppia? What hooked her? What did she see in him to make her put up with being called "The Gladiator's Moll"? Her poppet, her Sergius, was no chicken, with a dud arm that prompted hope of early retirement. Besides his face looked a proper mess, helmet-scarred, a great wart on his nose, an unpleasant discharge always trickling from one eye. But he was a Gladiator. That word makes the whole breed seem handsome, and made her prefer him to her children and country, her sister, her husband. Steel is what they fall in love with. (Juvenal: Satires: 6.102 ff. Translated by P. Green). TEXT 9: The sadism of Claudius ' . . . he ruled that all combatants who fell accidentally should have their throats cut - above all net-fighters, the death agony on whose faces was not hidden by any helmets. When a pair of gladiators mortally wounded each other he sent for their swords and had pocket-knives made from them for his personal use. (SC 34) TEXT 10: Augustinus describes the effect of games on his friend Alipius, a law student in Rome. When at first he was utterly averse to such spectacles as those, certain friends and fellow-students of his, coming casually upon him one day after dinner, conducted him, with a kind of friendly violence, to the amphitheatre, at a time when those tragical and deadly pastimes were being presented. He protested: "Though you drag my body there, you won't be able to make me open my eyes and apply my mind to those spectacles. No, I will be absent, even while I am present, and so will I conquer both them and you." ........ but it happened that in the fight, a deafening shout of the people burst forth about him and - being overcome with curiosity, he opened his eyes. Then was he stricken with a deeper wound in his soul than the other was in his body. ..... For as soon as he beheld that blood he drank down with it a kind of savageness; he did not now turn away but fastened his gaze upon it, and drinking up the cup of fury before he knew it, he became enamoured with the wickedness of those combats, and drunk with a delight in blood....(Augustine: Confessions. paraphrased) TEXT 11: An enthusiastic supporter of the Games And another thing, we'll be having a holiday with a three-day show that's the best ever - and not just a hack troupe of gladiators but freedmen for the most part. My old friend Titus has a big heart and a hot head. Maybe this, maybe that, but something at all events. I'm a close friend of his and he does nothing by halves. He'll give us cold steel, no quarter and the slaughterhouse right in the middle where all the stands can see it. And he's got the wherewithal - he was left thirty million when his poor father died. Even if he spent four hundred thousand, his pocket won't feel it and he'll go down in history. He's got some big brutes already, and a woman who fights in a chariot and Glyco's steward, who was caught having fun with his mistress. You'll see quite a quarrel in the crowd between jealous husbands and romantic lovers. But that half-pint Glyco threw his steward to the lions, which is just giving himself away. How is it the servant's fault when he's forced into it? (Petronius Sat 45: translated by J.P. Sullivan). TEXT 12: The change of behaviour of people in a crowd. So it comes about that a man who will scarcely life his tunic in public for the necessities of nature, will take it off in the circus in such a way as to make a full display of himself before all; that a man who guards the ears of his maiden daughter from every smutty word, will himself take her to the theatre to hear the words of that sort and to see gestures to match; that the man who when he sees a quarrel on the streets coming to blows will try to quiet it, will in the stadium applaud fights far more dangerous; that he who sudders at the body of a man who died by nature's law, will, in the amphitheatre, gaze down with most tolerant eyes on the bodies of men mangled, torn in pieces, defiles with their own blood; yes, and that he who comes to the spectacle to signify his approval of murder being punished, will have a reluctant gladiator hounded on with lash and rod to do murder; that the man who calls for the lion as the punishment for some notorious murderer, will call for the rod of discharge for a savage gladiator and give him the cap of liberty as a reward! (Tertullian: De Spectaculis XXI tr T.R. Glover & G.H. Rendall). TEXT 13: Riot between people of Pompeii and Nuceria in A.D. 59. At about this time there was a serious fight between the inhabitants of two Roman settlements, Nuceria and Pompeii. It arose out of a trifling incident at a gladiatorial show given by Livineius Regulus, whose expulsion from the senate I have mentioned elsewhere. During an exchange of taunts - characteristic of these disorderly country towns - abuse led to stone-throwing, and then swords were drawn. The people of Pompeii, where the show was held, came off best. Many wounded and mutilated Nucerians were taken to the capital. Many bereavements too, were suffered by parents and children. The emperor instructed the senate to investigate the affair. The senate passed it to the consuls. When they reported back, the senate debarred Pompeii from holding any similar gathering for ten years. Illegal associations in the town were dissolved; and the sponsor of the show and his fellow-instigators were exiled. (Tacitus Ann 14,17: translated by M. Grant) TEXT 14: Cicero excuses himself from attending the Games of Brutus in July 44 B.C. I have replied of course that in the first place I have already left, so that it is no longer open to me, and in the second that it would be highly paradoxical if, not having been near Rome since this parade of armed force began (and that not so much out of regard to my personal risk as to dignity), I were suddenly to appear at the games. To give games at such a time is respectable where it is obligatory; to be a spectator is not obligatory for me and so would not even be respectable. For my own part I am extremely anxious for them to be well attended and to earn all possible popularity and I am confident that this will happen. (Cicero Att 15,26: Translated by D.R. Shackleton-Bailey, 1978). TEXT 15: Games given by Augustus I gave a gladiatorial show three times in my own name, and five times in the names of my sons or grandsons; at these shows about 10,000 fought. Twice I presented to the people in my own name an exhibition of athletes invited from all parts of the world, and a third time in the name of my grandson. I presented games in my own name four times, and in addition twenty-three times in the place of other magistrates. On behalf of the college of fifteen, as master of that college, with Marcus Agrippa as my colleague, I celebrated the Secular Games in the consulship of Gaius Furnius and Gaius Silanus. In my thirteenth consulship I was the first to celebrate the Games of Mars, which subsequently the consuls, in accordance with a decree of the senate and a law, have regularly celebrated in the succeeding years. Twenty-six times I provided for the people, in my own name or in the names of my sons or grandsons, hunting spectacles of African wild beasts in the circus or in the Forum or in the amphitheatres; in these exhibitions about 3,500 animals were killed. I presented to the people an exhibition of a naval battle across the Tiber where the grove of the Caesars now is, having had the site excavated 1,800 feet in length and 1,200 feet in width. In this exhibition 30 beaked ships, triremes or biremes, and in addition a great number of smaller vessels engaged in combat. On board these fleets, exclusive of rowers, there were about 3,000 combatants. (Augustus RG 22-3: translated N. Lewis and M. Reinhold). TEXT 16: Popular sentiment towards the triumvirate at the Games in 59 B.C. Popular sentiment has been most manifest at the theatre and the shows. At the gladiators both the Showmaster and his guests -- these guests were probably the Triumvirs Pompey, Caesar and Crassus -- were overwhelmed with hisses. At the Games of Apollo, Diphilus the actor attacked poor Pompey quite brutally: "To our misfortune art thou Great" - there were a dozen encores. "But that same manhood bitterly In time to come shalt thou lament" The whole audience vociferated applause as he spoke that, and the rest also. Indeed these lines might seem to have been written for the occasion by an enemy of Pompey. "If neither law nor custom can constrain......" was recited to a loud accompaniment of shouting and clapping. When Caesar entered applause was non-existent. (Cicero Att 2,19: Translated by D.R. Shackleton-Bailey, 1978). TEXT 17: The Emperor Gaius displays his power. He caused great numbers of men to fight as gladiators, forcing them to contend both singly and in groups drawn up in a kind of battle array. He had asked permission of the senate to do this, so that he was able to do anything he wished even contrary to what was provided by law, and thus put many people to death, among others 26 knights, some of whom had devoured their living, while others had merely practised gladiatorial combat. It was not the large number of those who perished that was so serious, though that was serious enough, but his excessive delight in their death and his insatiable desire for the sight of blood. The same trait of cruelty led him once, when there was a shortage of condemned criminals to be given to the wild beasts, to order that some of the mob standing near to the benches should be seized and thrown to them; and to prevent the possibility of their making an outcry or uttering any reproaches, he first caused their tongues to be cut out. (He also forced a prominent knight to fight in single combat and erected temporary stands for a naval show because he despised the theatre of Taurus). (Cassius Dio 59.10: translated by E. Cary). Commodus with head of ostrich and sacrificial knife walks meaningfully past senators (Dio 72.21). TEXT 18: Cassius Dio describes the dedication of the Flavian amphitheatre. '. . . in dedicating the hunting-theatre and the baths that bear his name he produced many remarkable spectacles. There was a battle between cranes and also between four elephants; animals both tame and wild were slain to the number of 9,000; and women (not those of any prominence however) took part in despatching them. As for the men, several fought in single combat and several groups contended together both in infantry and naval battles. For Titus suddently filled this same theatre with water and brought in horses and bulls and some other domesticated animals that had been taught to behave in the liquid element just as on land. He also brought in people on ships, who engaged in a sea-fight there, impersonating the Corcyreans and Corinthians; and others gave a similar exhibition outside the city in the grove of Gaius and Lucius, a place which Augustus had once excavated for this very purpose. There, too, on the first day there was a gladiatorial exhibition and wild-beast hunt, the lake in front of the images having first been covered with a platform of wooden stands erected around it. On the second day there was a horse-race, and on the third day a naval battle between 3,000 men, followed by an infantry battle. The "Athenians" conquered the "Syracusans" made a landing on the islet and assaulted and captured a wall that had been constructed around the monument. These were the spectacles that were offered, and they continued for a hundred days; but Titus also furnished some things that were of practical use to the people. He would throw down into the theatre from aloft little wooden balls variously inscribed, one designating some article of food, another clothing, another a silver vessel or perhaps a gold one, or again horses, pack-animals, cattle or slaves. Those who seized them were to carry them to the dispensers of the bounty, from whom they would receive the article named. (After these games Titus wept so bitterly that all the people saw him). </i>(Cassius Dio 66.25: translated by E. Cary.) TEXT 19: The pernicious effect of a crowd I happened to go to one of these shows at the time of the lunch-hour interlude, expecting there to be some light and witty entertainment then, some respite for the purpose of affording people's eyes a rest from human blood. Far from it. All the earlier contests were charity in comparison. The nonsense is dispensed with now: what we have now is murder pure and simple. The combatants have nothing to protect them; their whole bodies are exposed to the blows: every thrust they launch gets home. A great many spectators prefer this to the ordinary matches and even to the special, popular-demand ones. And quit naturally. There are no helmets and no shields repelling the weapons. What is the point of armour? Or of skill? All that sort of thing just makes the death slower in coming. In the morning men are thrown to the lions and the bears: but it is the spectators they are thrown to in the lunch-hour. The spectators insist that each, on killing his man, shall be thrown against another to be killed in his turn; and the eventual victor is reserved by them for some other form of butchery; the only exit for the contestants is death. Fire and steel keep the slaughter going. And all this happens while the arena is virtually empty. "But he was a highway robber, he killed a man". And what of it? Granted that as a murderer he deserved this punishment, but what have you done, you wretched fellow, to deserve to watch it? "Kill him! Flog him! Burn him! Why does he run at the other man's weapon in such a cowardly way? Why isn't he less half-hearted about killing? Why isn't he a bit more enthusiastic about dying? Whip him forward to tet his wounds! Make them each offer the other a bare breast and trade blow for blow on them". And when there is an interval in the show: "Let's have some throats cut in the meantime, so that there's something happening!" (Seneca Ep 7: translated by R. Campbell). TEXT 20: Nero and the Christians First Nero had self-acknowledged Christians arrested. Then, on their information, large numbers of others were condemned - not so much for incendiarism as for their anti-social tendencies. Their deaths were made farcical. Dressed in wild animals' skins, they were torn to pieces by dogs, or crucified, or made into torches to be ignited after dark as substitutes for daylight. (TA 15.43) TEXT 21: Cicero tells his friend M. Marius about the Games put on by Pompey in celebration of the building of the first stone theatre in Rome in August 55 B.C. What pleasure is there in getting a <i>Clytemnestra</i> with six hundred mules or a <i>Trojan Horse</i> with three thousand mixing-bowls, or a variegated display of cavalry and infantyr equipment in some battle or other? The public gaped at all this; it would not have amused you at all. As for the Greek and Oscan shows, I don't imagine you were sorry to miss them - especially as you can see an Oscan turn on your town council. Or perhaps having scorned gladiators, you are sorry not have have seen the athletes! Pompey himself admits that they were a waste of time and midday oil! That leaves the hunts, two every day for five days, magnificent - nobody says otherwise. But what pleasure can a cultivated man get out fo seeing a weak human being torn to pieces by a powerful animal or a splendid animal transfixed by a hunting spear? Anyhow, if these sights are worth seeing, you have seen them often; and we spectators saw nothing new. The last day was for the elephants. The groundlings showed much astonishment thereat, but no enjoyment. There was even an impulse of compassion, a feeling that the monsters had something human about them. (Cicero Fam 7.1. tr D.R. Shackleton-Bailey). TEXT 22: Bread and circuses Time was when their plebiscite elected Generals, Heads of State, commanders of legions: but now They've pulled in their horns, there's only two things that concern them: Bread and the Games. (Juvenal Sat. X,78: Translated by P. Green) TEXT 23: Tertullian describes the races in the Circus Maximus Seeing then that madness is forbidden us, we keep ourselves from every public spectacle - including the circus, where madness of its own right rules. Look at the populace coming to the show - mad already! disorderly, blind, excited already about its bets! The praetor is too slow for them; all the time their eyes are on his urn, in it, as if rolling with the lots he shakes up in it. The signal is to be given. They are all in suspense, anxious suspense. One frenzy, one voice! "He has thrown it!" they cry; everyone tells everybody else what every one of them saw, all of them on the instant. I catch at that evidence of their blindness; they do not see what was thrown - a handkerchief they think; no! a picture of the devil hurled from heaven! (De Spectaculis XVI tr T.R. Glover & G.H. Rendall).
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El Ayuntamiento
intentará exponer completo en la ciudad el pecio hallado en
la Albufereta
http://www.laverdad.es/alicante/pg050526/prensa/noticias/Cultura_Alicante/200505/26/ALI-CUL-276.html El Ayuntamiento de Alicante ha culminado la primera fase de extracción del pecio que data del siglo I d.C. hundido frente al antiguo embarcadero de La Albufereta, en la bahía de la capital, y que se halla en un óptimo estado de conservación. La edición de un DVD con la colaboración de la Autoridad Portuaria es la última novedad, así como que el barco puede tener una profundidad de casco ocho veces superior a la que inicialmente se calculaba. Los datos sobre la actuación arqueológica fueron presentados por el concejal Pedro Romero, el presidente del puerto, Mario Flores, el director general de Puertos del Estado, Julián Magandos, y el arqueólogo municipal, Pablo Rosser, entre otros.Rosser explicó que la actuación, que ha contado con un presupuesto de 24.000 euros, ha permitido extraer la totalidad del mercante romano, que portaba varias decenas de ánforas de aceite y 11 lingotes de cobre, con un peso de 70 kilogramos, a excepción de las vigas y tablas inferiores. Rosser aseguró que se trata del pecio hallado en la Comunidad Valenciana «en mejor estado de conservación» y confió en que su estudio de forma detallada permita descubrir nuevos datos sobre la vida en Lucentum hace 2000 años. Además, comentó que una de las novedades más sobresalientes es la posibilidad de que el pecio pueda tener hasta 8 metros de alto, a pesar de que en un principio se pensó que su altura estaba en torno a 2. Los trabajos han permitido la recuperación de numeroso instrumental de la época, como una bomba de achique elaborada en madera, cuerdas, redes y anzuelos, todo lo cual está previsto que sea expuesto en un futuro próximo en un lugar relacionado con el puerto que el concejal de Cultura, Pedro Romero, evitó especificar. Rosser dijo que la citada bahía de la Albufera también es objeto de otros yacimientos de gran valor histórico, como son un embarcadero de sillería en piedra romana descubierto a raíz de las obras antirriadas del Jucaret-Orgegia.Además, en ese entorno de la Albufereta también se halló en su día un fondeadero ibérico. -- Posted by M. ADR. COMPLVTENSIS to COMMENTARIOLA HISPANIAE at 5/26/2005 08:29:00 AM Revista Terrae Antiqvae. Editor José Luis Santos http://www.terraeantiqvae.com |
4. Below: Roman floor mosaic with Theseus and the Minotaur
Cultura inicia los trámites para
declarar Bien de Interés la Villa Romana de la Estación
La próxima semana se firmará la resolución para incoar la declaración de BIC
de la iglesia y el convento de Madre de Dios
http://www.diariosur.es/pg050526/prensa/noticias/Interior/200505/26/SUR-INT-062.html
Antequera puede presumir de ser una de las ciudades andaluzas con mayor
número de monumentos y yacimientos declarados Bien de Interés Cultural (BIC)
y albergar en su seno otros tantos posibles de serlo. Y es que, a los 16 ya
existentes, pronto se le sumará la Villa Romana de la Estación después de
que el pasado 3 de mayo se firmase la resolución por el que se incoa el
procedimiento para la declaración de BIC con la categoría de zona
arqueológica de la Villa Romana de la Estación.
Gran parte del yacimiento, situado al noroeste del casco urbano de
Antequera, está aún sin excavar, por lo que los expertos consideran que se
pueden triplicar los hallazgos encontrados en él, como la cabeza de sátiro
recientemente descubierta por un niño. Aunque se tiene constancia de la
existencia de la villa desde el siglo pasado, no fue hasta 1998 cuando, al
realizar las obras para la construcción de la circunvalación norte, se puso
de manifiesto la importancia arqueológica del yacimiento, obligando a
desviar el trazado de la carretera para no invadirlo. Estudios posteriores
han desvelado que incluso parte del yacimiento se encuentra hoy enterrado
bajo el vial. Para salvaguardarlo y poder terminar la circunvalación, Obras
Públicas estudia construir un viaducto.
Pero la villa, no es el único yacimiento cuyo expediente está incoado. El
director general de Bienes Culturales de la Junta y ex alcalde de la ciudad,
Jesús Romero, apuntó ayer que en una fase aún más avanzada está el
procedimiento para declarar BIC el yacimiento romano de Gallumbar, donde se
ha localizado una de las más importantes prensas de aceite de la provincia.
Situado en la carretera del Valle de Abdalajís, en él Cultura ha realizado
recientemente obras de consolidación, apuntó Romero, quien anunció que la
próxima semana firmará la resolución por la que se incoa el procedimiento
para declarar también BIC la iglesia y el convento de Madre de Dios que hace
un año abandonó la orden religiosa de las agustinas. Construida entre 1747 y
1761, la iglesia del monasterio es ahora gestionada por el Obispado,
mientras el convento sigue siendo propiedad de las agustinas, que estudian
la posibilidad de venderlo.
--
Posted by M. ADR. COMPLVTENSIS to
COMMENTARIOLA HISPANIAE at 5/26/2005 08:27:00 AM
Revista Terrae Antiqvae. Editor José Luis Santos
http://www.terraeantiqvae.com
Hipocrates de Kos
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/connected/main.jhtml?xml=/connected/2005/05/18/ecnshoe18.xml
Iron Age shoe found
By Richard Savill
(Filed: 18/05/2005)
A shoe thought to be more than 2,000 years old and the oldest ever found in Britain has been dug up at a quarry in Somerset.
The Iron Age relic, found in a hollowed tree trunk at Whiteball Quarry, near Wellington, is the equivalent of a size 10.
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A team from Exeter Archaeology, led by Stephen Reed, unearthed the shoe. They said it was so well preserved that stitch and lace holes were still visible in the leather.
"As far as we know, this is the oldest shoe ever found in the United Kingdom," Mr Reed said. "The shoe measures approximately 30 centimetres, equivalent to a modern size nine or 10, perhaps suggesting its owner was male.
"The shoe wouldn't have had a base - soles didn't start appearing until Roman times between 43AD and 410AD. It would just have been a leather pocket - folded around the foot." The shoe has been taken to the Wiltshire Conservation Centre in Salisbury and is expected to go on display at the Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter.
Mr Reed said: "The importance of this shoe is that these sort of things don't really survive at all on the archaeological record, usually because they rot down."
Any normal shoe buried in the garden would have disintegrated after a couple of years, he said. "The fact that it had been waterlogged had kept away the oxygen that would have led to it disintegrating."
The discovery was made after archaeologists began work on a Saxon iron-smelting site. Mr Reed said: "It is valueless in as much as it is a lump of soggy old leather, but in so much as what it can tell us it is unique in this country, as far as we know."