Ascension of Elijah 2 Kgs 2:1-25

Jehoram--(married to Athaliah, daughter of Ahab)  851-843/42 2Kgs 8:16-24//2 Chr 21:2-20

Edom (SE) and Libnah (W) gained their independence 2 Kgs 8:20-22//2 Chr 21:8-10

Elisha 2 Kgs 3:13-8:15

Elohist?

Joram and Jezebel were  killed by Jehu

Hazael of Damascus 844-800

Tel Dan Inscription

kills many members of royal killed; deposed and killed in bloody coup

Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III

Black Obelisk COS 2.113F; pp. 269-270 Click here for text.  ANET 278-281

Jehu kneels before Shalmaneser III:

  "The tribute of Jehu, the man of Bit-Humri (Omri)...."  

Shalmaneser III

Kurba'il Statue-COS 2.113E, p.  268 mentions Jehu.  Click here for text.

Calah Bulls mention Jehu.  Click here for text.

Marble slab mentions Jehu.  Click here for text

Pami

Sheshonq V

23. Dynasty 818-715

Pedubastis I Theban king 818-793

Iuput I 804-783 Theban king

Ashyahu inscription: Just as Ashyahu (Joash) commanded you to give by the hand of Zechariah silver of Tarshish to the House of Yahweh. Three sheqels. 9-7c, COS 2.50; pp.  174-175

Ashyahu Inscription
According to a 2005 Israeli indictment, this inscription is a forgery.  It has previously been authenticated by some of the world's premier epigraphers.

Widow's Petition

Joash paid tribute to Hazael 2 Kgs 12:18

Click thumbnail for bigger image

...son of Ahaziah.  And I made the...in the land and in the desert and in all the cities of Judah to make the silver of the holy things much to acquire hewn stone and cypresses and bronze of Edom to do the work in faithfulness and I worked on the damage to the temple and the walls round about and the side chambers and the lattices and the staircases and the ledges and the doors and this day will be a statute because the work prospered.  May YHWH ordain blessing for his people.  Translation by Peter Williams of Tyndale House, Cambridge

Hazael Booty Inscriptions, 2nd half of 9c, COS 2.40; pp.  162-163

Melqart Inscription 9c COS 2.33; pp.  152-153 Bir-hadad, son of Atarhamek, probably not from Damascus, made a vow to Melqart

Assyria:  Shamshi-Adad V 823-811 married to Semiramis ANEP 442

Shamshi-Adad V
 

 Marduk-balassu-iqbi, king of Babylon 818-813 taken to Nineveh and flayed by Shamshi-Adad V

Baba-aha-iddina 812 Babylonian king

ANEP 444; COS 2.114A;  pp.  272-277

Assyrian Eponym Canon--805-732:  COS 1.136; pp. 465-466

Osorkon III Theban king 777-749

25. Dynasty (Napatans--
Kushites) 780-656

Alara 780-760

Pimay (Pimiu) 773-767

defeats Edom; defeated and taken captive by Jehoash

Tribute of Jehoash to Adad-nirari III 796

Defeats Arameans and attacks Jerusalem; captured Amaziah

Elisha dies
2 Kgs 13:14-21 

Zakur king of Hamath and Luaš, 800 BCE,  ANET 501-502, 655-656; COS 2.35; p.  155 Baal-shamayn spoke to me through seers and diviners; refers to Barhadad son of Hazael

El-Kerak Inscription Written by Mesha of Moab or his father

Adad-Nirari from Tell Rimah temple

Rimah Stela.  Click here for text.

Calah Orthostat Slab.  Click here for text.

Defeated Arameans in 802

Kashta (25) 760-747

25. Dynasty  -- Kushite kings from Sudan rule as pharaohs. 

Piye (Piankhy-Piye) 747-716

Amun enthroned; Piankhi standing

 (Peftjauawybast) 747-716 Nubian dynasty

Defeated Philistines and Arab tribes

Ahiyaw servant of Uzziah

Shebnaiah servant of Uzziah

Uzziah fought with Tiglath-pileser III in 743 ANET 282-283

"Hither were brought the bones of Uzziah king of Judah.  Do not open."  Dates from time long after Uzziah

Jotham 758/57-742/41 2 Kgs 15:32-38//2 Chr 27:1-9

Samaria Ostraca 8 c

Balaam Inscription 
mid 8 c; COS 2.27, pp. 140-145

1 Chr 5:17 census of Transjordan

Samaria ivories

Zechariah 750/49 2 Kgs 15:8-12
(6 months; assassinated by Shallum; end of Jehu dynasty)

Shallum 749 2 Kgs 15:13-15 (one month; assassinated by Menahem)

Menahem 749-38  2 Kgs 15:16-23

Tribute of Menahem to Tiglath-pileser III 740, 738 2 Kgs 15:19 ANET, 283

Tiglath-pileser III receives homage

Tiglath-pileser III

Assyrian troops
attack a city

Assyrian campaigns
in 9-8 centuries

Ashur-Dan III 772-755
Assur-Nirari V 754-745--treaty with Mati-ilu in Sefire Treaty

Babylon:  Eriba-Marduk 770
Nabu-shuma-ishkun, king of Babylon  760-748 

 Nabu-nasir (Nabonassar), king of Babylon 747-734

Tiglath-pileser III (Pul) Assyrian king 745-27 
ANET 282-284; ANEP 366, 445; COS 2.117A-117G; pp.  284-292

Campaign against Hamath, Damascus, Tyre, Byblos, and Samaria 738

Click here for text of his inscriptions mentioning Israel

Pulu was his throne name when he became king of Babylon in 729

Rudamun (23) 734-731

Iuput II (23) 731-720

24. Dynasty at Sais in western delta 727-715
Tefnakhte 727-720 (= "So" in 2 Kgs 17:4)

Belonging to Ahaz,  [son of] Jehotham, king of Judah

Belonging to Ushna, the servant of Ahaz

Ahaz (Jehoahaz) sends tribute to Tiglath-pileser III (first Judean king mentioned in Assyrian Annals; cf. Tell Dan and Ashyahu Inscriptions) ANET 282

Pekah 750?-732/31 2 Kgs 15:27-31
Syro-Ephraimite War (allied with Rezin)

deposed by Tiglath-pileser III and assassinated by Hoshea

Hoshea 732/31-722 2 Kgs 17:1-6 ANET 284 (confirmed on throne by Tiglath-pileser III)
refused to pay tribute to Shalmaneser V
       
Belonging to Abday servant of Hoshea.

Panammu I = Hadad Inscription, mid 8c, COS 2.36; pp.  156-158

Rezin, (Rakhianu) king of Damascus

Panammu II (died 735-32) Inscription COS 2,.37; pp. 158-161

Barrakib, son of Panammu II 733-732 ANET 501, 655; ANEP 281, 460

Picture of Bar-rakib above, inscription below

Panammu II died fighting for Tiglath-Pileser III

Tiglath-pileser

Tiglath-pileser's campaigns

Tiglath-pileser's deportations

Campaign against Tyre and Gaza 734

Campaign against Tyre, Damascus (Rezin), and Israel (Pekah) 733

Babylon:  Nabu-nadin-zeri 733-732

Nabu-shuma-ukin II 732 assassinated his predecessor; ruled one month

Damascus (Hazael) captured; Israel loses Gilead, Galilee, and Dor, which became Assyrian provinces 732

Nabu-mukin-zeri 731-729 deposed his predecessor

Osorkon IV supported Gaza revolt 720

Egyptians defeated at Raphia

Sent tribute to Sargon II

Hezekiah (Israeli data on this king)

Hezekiah's seal

Belonging to Hezekiah, [son of] A[haz], king of Judah

Khirbet el-Qom inscription COS 2.52; pp.  179 Blessed was Uriyahu O Yahweh, and from his enemies, by his asherah, he saved him.

Ashdod revolt, under Aziru,  supported by Judah, opposed by Isaiah (chap 20)

Defense wall in Jerusalem

lamelek jar handle

Beersheba altar dismantled in Hezekiah's reform

Conquest of Samaria 722

Second attack on Samaria and exile of inhabitants 720 ANET 284-285

27,290 captured

Court Order from Samaria COS 3.122; pp.  270-271 repayment of a loan for work animals--shows mixed population of Samaria.  2 Kgs 17:24, 29-30

Ishtar Seal from Shechem
dating destruction to 724

Sargon II besieges Ekron

Sargon II

Sargon, followed by an attendant, before Ashur

Sargon (L) Sennacherib (R)

Sargon II

Nimrud Inscription:  "I
brought into Samaria
people from countries
conquered by my hands."

Iaubi'di, king of Hamath, revolted vs. Sargon II in 720

711  Assyria crushed rebellion in Ashdod led by Aziru, Akhimetu, and Yamani (possible Judean involvement; ANET 287)

Babylonian Chronicle COS 1.137; pp.  467-468; ANET 30-307  For text of mention of Samaria click here.

Incirli Stela website

Sargon II 722-705 ANET 284-287
"I led away as prisoners 27,290 inhabitants of [the town of the Samarians]."

ANEP 446; 
COS 1.141; pp.  472-473
COS 2.118A-118J; pp.  293-300 Click here for the text of his inscriptions mentioning Israel and Judah

Sargon stela from
Ashdod

deposed "usurper of Samaria and the whole land of the house of Omri."  Bull Inscription

 Maduk-apla-iddina II 721-710 (Merodach-baladan), king of Babylon ANEP 454 2 Kgs 20:12-19; Isaiah 39

Merodach-Baladan and his smaller vassal

Revuelta de Siria, Samaria, y Gaza suppressed; defeat of Egyptians at Raphia 720

710 Asiria bajo Sargon II captura Babilonia y  fuerza a Merodach Baladan II al exilio

Nueva capital en Dur Sharrukin (Khorsabad)