IMPERIO
ACADIO
( 2334-2154 a.C.)
LOCALIZACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA:
Sur de Iraq, entre los ríos Tigris y Eufrates
TERRITORIO: Reino de origen semita, que se extiende hasta Siria, en época de Sargón I.
LENGUAJE: Lengua
semita, acadio, escrito en cuneiforme
Máscara de un rey acadio, posiblemente Sargón I
El origen de este pueblo se pierde en la sombra y en
la eterna dualidad entre los pueblos sedentarios y los pueblos nómadas. Los
acadios eran semitas, pueblos nómadas originarios de la Península Arábiga,
que comienzan a moverse hacia el Creciente Fértil coincidiendo con el la
prosperidad de las primeras ciudades-estado mesopotámicas.
Mientras Lugalzagesi reinaba en
Uruk, el primer copero del rey de Kish usurpó el trono, adoptando el nombre
de Sargón ( (2334 a.C.) que se puede traducir como "Rey legítimo".
Su legitimidad no debía ser
aceptada en el reino de Kish porque en usurpador trasladó la corte a una
nueva capital que fundó él mismo y no estaba identificada con la monarquía
anterior. La nueva capital fue Agadé, o Acad, y desde entonces el rey fue
conocido como Sargón I de Acad.
Alrededor del 2300 a.C. Sargón se
enfrentó a Lugalzagesi y lo derrotó tomando el reino de Uruk. Según sus
documentos, esta victoria le dio el dominio de Sumer, pero es posible que
necesitará varias campañas más para lograr esta sumisión
Los acadios durante el reinado de
Sargón I
Sargón acabó dominando una
extensa región de Mesopotamia que incluía a todo Sumer y que fue conocida
como el Imperio Acadio.
Sometió a Elam, dejándolo bajo el
gobierno del rey de Susa, una de sus ciudades, que a partir de este momento
empezó a ganar influencia.
LA LEYENDA DE SARGÓN
Texto recompuesto sobre dos tablillas neoasirias y otra neobabilonia].
Pritchard, 1969, ANET, p. 119
Tablilla con el "curriculum" de Sargón I
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Sargón, el soberano potente, rey de Agadé, soy yo.
Mi madre fue una variable (?), a mi padre no conocí.
Los hermano(s) de mi padre amaron las colinas.
Mi ciudad es Azupiranu, situada en las orillas del Eufrates.
Mi variable madre me concibió, en secreto me dio a luz.
Me puso en una cesta de juncos, con pez selló mi tapadera.
Me lanzó al río, que no se levantó (sobre) mí.
El río me transportó y me llevó a Akki, el aguador.
Akki, el aguador, me sacó cuando hundía su p[o]zal.
Akki, el aguador, [me aceptó] por hijo suyo (y) me crió.
Akki, el aguador, me nombró su jardinero.
Mientras era jardinero, Istar me otorgó (su) amor,
Y durante cuatro y [. . .] años ejercí la realeza.
El [pueblo] de los cabezas negras regí, gob[erné];
Poderosos [mon]tes con azuelas de bronce conquisté,
Las sierras superiores escalé,
Las sierras inferiores [atra]vesé,
Las [tierr]as del mar tres veces recorrí.
Dilmun mi [mano] cap[turó],
[Al] gran Der [subí], yo [...],
[...] alteré y [...].
Cualquier monarca que me suceda,
R[ija, gobierne] el [pueblo] de los cabezas negras;
[Conquiste] poderosos [montes] con azuela[s de bronce],
Escale las sierras superiores,
[Atraviese las sierras inferiores],
¡Recorra las [tierr]as del mar tres veces!
[Capture Dilmun su mano],
¡Suba [al] gran Der y [...]!
[... ] de mi ciudad, Aga[dé ... ]
[...]...[...].
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Versión de James
B. Pritchard,
La sabiduría del Antiguo Oriente,
Ed.
Garriga, Barcelona, 1966, 100-101. |
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Sargón I
Su legitimidad no debía estar tan clara, pues el nuevo
rey prefirió trasladar la corte a una nueva capital fundada por él mismo y
que no estuviese asociada a la monarquía anterior. Esta capital fue Agadé, o Acad, y desde entonces el rey fue conocido como Sargón de Acad.
Alrededor del 2300 Sargón se enfrentó a
Lugalzagesi de Umma y lo derrotó.
Según sus inscripciones conmemorativas, esta
victoria le dio el dominio de todo Sumer, pero parece ser que en realidad
necesitó varias campañas más para lograr esta meta.
En cualquier caso, Sargón acabó dominando una extensa región de Mesopotamia que incluía todo Sumer
y terrotorio más al norte y todo fue conocida como el
Imperio Acadio.
Más aún, sometió al
reino de Elam, dejándolo bajo el gobierno del rey de Susa, una de sus
ciudades menos destacadas, que a partir de este momento empezó a ganar
influencia.
Sargón I siguió combatiendo y sojuzgando ciudades del norte
y del este, mientras la capital de Akad iba engrandeciéndose. Por ejemplo,
la ciudad de Assur se había liberado recientemente del dominio de Mari, e
instauró una monarquía propia, pero sus reyes se convirtieron en tributarios
de Sargón. La propia Mari no tardaría en someterse también al yugo acadio.
Por el contrario, Ebla estuvo a punto de derrotar a Sargón, quien, no
obstante, logró rehacerse.
Ebla conservó su independencia y se convirtió en
un importante centro cultural que absorbió la cultura acadia (que a su vez
había incorporado la cultura sumeria). En sus restos se han encontrado
numerosas tablillas cuneiformes escritas en eblaíta con textos jurídicos,
religiosos, diplomáticos, administrativos y económicos. Incluso se han
encontrado diccionarios sumerio-eblaítas. Según los escritos acadios, Sargón
llegó en sus campañas hasta la costa de Canaán.
Ref.book:
16, 41;
Bibliography;
Ref. files:
© 2001, Rodney R. Baird
Los sucesores de Sargón I
-Rimush,
-Manishtusu,
-Naram-Sin,
Inscripción de Naram-Sin
![[Enheduanna Chart]](roberts_enheduanna-chart.jpg)
-Shar-kali-sharri
-Dudu
-Shu Turul
Clavo de arcilla de Ur-Bau
Entemena's Anzu-styled vase, dedicated to
Ningirsu (Ninurta) of Lagash, 2505-2375 B.C.
Stele of Sargon's Slaves |
Nombre de Enheduanna en cuneiforme.
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Seal describing Enheduanna as a child of Sargon the Great.
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The Giparu where Enheduanna lived and carried out her
religious functions.
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En-hedu-Ana is a title and means "The High Priestess [named]
Ornament of the Sky"
'en'=High Priestess 'hedu'=Ornament
'Ana'=of the Sky/Heaven
or
of the God of the Sky/Heaven
The 'En-hedu-Ana Research Pages' is the only website solely devoted to
unearthing En-hedu-Ana --the first known author of all literature.
En-hedu-Ana was the great High Priestess of the Moon-god Nanna, at Ur
(ancient Iraq). She was the first known author in recorded history to write
in the first person. There were many anonymous scribes who wrote before her
but she was the first to identify herself in her writings. En-hedu-Ana lived
around 2300-2225 BCE and was revered as the most important religious figure
of her day.
Through her powerful incantations/songs to Inanna, the goddess of Love and
War she changed the course of history and was remembered for centuries after
her death. Her writing is so intricate, scholars call her the "Shakespeare
of Sumerian literature". Her hymns function as multi-layered incantations,
interweaving political, personal, ritual, theological, historical and legal
dimensions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction (below):
Enheduana: Shakespeare of Sumerian Literature
A Summary of En-hedu-Ana's Writings
Princess background
Giparu temple where she lived
En-hedu-Ana Today
Annette
Zgoll Translation of Nin-me-sara poem: "Queen of countless divine powers"
Revision of paper on Enheduana's Writings
Visual Evidence
A Brief
History of Writing
Roberta Binkley's First Impressions of Enheduanna's Disk in the Museum
Bibliographic Resource
New Visual
Evidence/ Documentary Film
***Review of
Betty De Shong Meador's NEW book on Enheduana
"Dancing
with En-hedu-Ana" Workshop
"Enheduana's
Use of Magic in Ninmesara"a work in progress (2005)
Sacred prostitute or High Priestess? Parallels between Mary Magdalene and
En-hedu-Ana (article forthcoming)
www.oraculartree.com/artist_history20.html
Summary List of En-hedu-Ana's Writings:
What has been found of her writings so far, include 6 literary compositions:
The first three form a cycle of hymns to Inanna
1) nin-me-sar-ra
"Queen of countless divine powers" more commonly knows as "The
Exaltation of Inanna"
This translation comes from Dr. Annette Zgoll (2000) from the University of
Munchen.
The first published translation of nin-me-sar-ra comes from
Dr.
William Hallo, "The Exaltation of Inanna", 1968.
You can find a very accurate translation also at the Electronic Text Corpus
of Sumerian Literature at
http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4072.htm
2) in-nin sa-gur-ra "Stout-hearted Lady" was first translated by
Ake
Sjoberg, in 1974.
You can also find a very accurate translation at
the
Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
Or you can find
excerpts.
3) in-nin me-hus-a, "Inanna and Ebih"was first translated by
Henri Limet, 1969.You can also find a very accurate translation at
the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
4) "e-u-nir": is a Collection of 42 Temple Hymns written for the temples
of Sumer and Akkad
Enheduana wrote manyof them and gathered others to make this collection.
You can find a very accurate translation at
http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm
You can also read
excerpts.
The last two have been published by
Dr.
Joan Westenholz in 1989. Dr. Westenholz suggests that these hymns were
written by Enheduana about her High Priestess role.
5) e-u-gim e-a , "Hymn of Praise to Ekishnugal and Nanna on Assumption of
en-ship"
6) title broken, "Hymn of Praise of Enheduana"
In addition, Dr. Zgoll and a few other Sumerologists have tied
Enheduana's complex writing style to a few other Sumerian texts.
Princess:
She was the daughter of Sargon the Great, who was the first
king to rule an empire joining Sumer and Akkad. He began a tradition that
was to last 500 years, whereby the king installed his daughter as en,
or High Priestess, of Nanna , the Sumerian Moon God, in the ancient Sumerian
city of Ur (Southern Iraq). [She is often mistakenly called a Sumerian
princess because she lived in the sumerian city of Ur as a high priestess
but her father, Sargon of Akkad, was Akkadian and so was she.] Her high rank
and royal background may explain why she is the first to include her name in
her most popular hymn,nin-me-sara. As princess of the most prolific king up
to that time in history, and installed as en of Nanna, she was in a
very powerful position and possessed the clout and the pride to include
herself in her writings. As you will see especially in
nin-me-sara
in which, she wove her own personal story into a hymn to Inanna, leaving us
with a record of some details of her life.
According to Dr. Joan Westenholz, Enheduana lived ca. 2300-2225 B.C. and
the first artifact discovered informing us of her existence is a
translucent alabaster disk (above photo is the restored version)
which was discovered in pieces by Sir Leonard Woolley in 1925 in section C
of the giparu, where she lived.
THE GIPARU
The giparu was a joint building, containing the temple of Ningal, which is
the lower section C on the floorplan, and the private, residential quarters
of the en priestess- upper right section A. Directly below this section is
section B which contains the cemetary where they buried the dead en-priestesses.
There are records that show offerings were made to these dead ens, which
shows how important they were. To the right of this cemetary is the dining
area and below it is the kitchen area. For an excellent, detailed analysis
of the giparu please read Penelope Weadock's article, listed in the
bibliography.
En-hedu-Ana today:
Now, some 70 years after that discovery, she is becoming more known in
scholarly writings as well as the "mainstream". As one of her many
modern day scribes, I invite you to email me any questions you may have
about Enheduana and I will try to answer them. "What I have done here no one
has done before" to quote Enheduana! She wrote that at the end of the
Sumerian temple hymns as it was the first time a compilation of hymns to all
of the temples of Sumer and Akkad existed. For additional material, read
Roberta Binkley's essays on
Enheduanna
Links
Okeanos:
Near Eastern Studies etc...
ABZU:
Database for Near Eastern Studies
Diotima
Anahita Board: Study of Women in Antiquity
Oriental
Institute at the Univ. of Chicago
Excellent Website on
Enheduanna's writings
Limestone Disk from Ur of Enheduanna with a priest and two priestesses
![[Enheduanna Detail]](roberts_enheduanna-detail.jpg)
Esheduanna
Naram-Suen's
Victory Over the Lullubi, found in Susa
Estela de los Buitres , conmemorativa de la victoria
de Eannatum
de Lagash sobre Umma, 2525 B.C
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![[Enheduanna Reverse]](roberts_enheduanna-reverse.jpg)
Enheduanna Reverse
![[Enheduanna Right Edge]](roberts_enheduanna-right-edge.jpg)
Enheduanna Right Edge |
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(*)
Former Asian Lecturer for the Commonwealth Series, administered by the
University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
